Showing posts with label Ron Ianieri. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Ron Ianieri. Show all posts

Friday, October 16, 2009

Time Spread: Options Buyer Risk & Reward

Like most trades, time spreads have a maximum loss for the buyer.
As a buyer, you can only lose what you have spent.
If you paid $1.00 for the spread then your maximum potential loss is that $1.00.
If you bought the spread for $2.00, then $2.00 is the maximum potential loss.

The buyer of a time spread will be purchasing the out-month option while selling the nearer month option of the same strike in a one-to-one ratio.
Since the out-month option will have more time until expiration than the nearer month option, the out-month option will cost more. This means the buyer will be putting out money (debit spread) which makes sense. The buyer can only lose the amount of money they spent to purchase the spread. Thus the buyer's maximum risk is the cost of the spread.

The buyer can profit in several ways.
First and foremost, being a time spread, the buyer can profit by the passage of time. Options are wasting assets. So as the nearer month option decays away more quickly than the outer-month option, the spread widens (increases in value) and the buyer sees a profit.

Second, implied volatility can increase.
As implied volatility increases, the out-month option, which the buyer is long, increases in value more quickly (due to its higher vega) than the nearer month option which the buyer is short. This will force the spread to widen or increase in value, which again is profitable for the buyer.

Third, the buyer can make money due to stock price movement.
As stated before, a time spread's value is at its maximum when the stock price and the spreads strike price are identical (at-the-money).
You could have an increase in value if you owned an out-of-the-money or in-the-money time spread, and the stock moved either up or down toward your strike.
As the stock moves closer to your strike, the spread will expand and increase in value creating a profit for you, the buyer.

The buyer's risks are obviously the opposite of the rewards.
You can not stop or reverse time so the buyer of the spread can never be hurt by time.
Implied volatility, however, can decrease as easily as it can increase.
A decrease in implied volatility will decrease the value of the out-month option (which the buyer is long) faster than it will decrease the value of the nearer month option (which the buyer is short) due to the higher vega of the out-month option. This will narrow the spread thereby creating a loss for the buyer.

In the same way that stock movement in the right direction can be profitable for the buyer of a time spread, stock movement in the wrong direction can be costly.
As the stock moves away from the spread's strike, the spread decreases in value. That will create a loss for the buyer of the spread.


Ron Ianieri is currently Chief Options Strategist at The Options University, an educational company that teaches investors how to make consistent profits using options while limiting risk. For more information please contact The Options University at http://www.optionsuniversity.com/ or 866-561-8227

Friday, October 9, 2009

The Stock Replacement Covered Call Strategy

Back in 2003, (October and November '03), the giant biotech Amgen (AMGN) came under some intense pressure, trading down about $12.00 before it found what appeared to be a decent level of support, and began to consolidate. At this level, anyone interested in going long Amgen at a discounted price would be advised to do so. Implied volatility was high coming off this precipitous drop, which caused premiums in the options to increase considerably.

This scenario can be a very attractive for covered call sellers or buy-writers. On Tuesday, December 2, 2003, Amgen was trading at $58.90, the December 60 call was trading at $1.30, and there were only two weeks left until expiration.

Let's assume that you wanted to take advantage of this opportunity but you would be unable to participate in it due to capital requirements.

The stock was trading at $58.90 and you did not have sufficient funds to support buying the stock at that price. After all, the purchase of just 1000 shares would cost $58,900.00.

This is the time to consider using a strategy called stock replacement. In many instances, an insufficient amount of funds in the investors account can mean the loss of a golden opportunity when dealing with high dollar priced stocks.

So, an alternative to purchasing the stock outright is to find a way to replace the actual stock with something else which is not as expensive. In this case, a deep in-the-money call would do just that.

When a call is deep in-the-money, meaning that the strike price of the call is much lower than the stock price, the delta of the call approaches 100.
This means that there is close to a 100% chance that this option will finish in-the-money.
Because of this, the option will trade just like the stock; penny for penny, dollar for dollar (in a theoretical 100 delta scenario.)

If you recall, the term delta was mentioned when describing the option in question.

Delta is the first derivative of the stock and it has a three pronged definition.

The first is percentage change.
The delta is given as a percentage change, meaning how much in percentage terms the option price will change with a movement in the stock.
A 50 delta option will move 50% the amount the stock does. If the stock moves $1.00, than the option moves $.50.
A 30 delta option moves $.30 on a $1.00 movement in the stock, and so on.

Delta can also be defined as percent chance.
This is used to describe the percentage chance that the option will end up in-the-money.
A 90 delta option has a 90% chance of finishing in-the-money.

Finally, delta can also be defined as hedge ratio which is the amount of deltas needed to properly hedge a position.
These concepts will be discussed in more detail in future Options University courses, but for now it is sufficient to just understand these basic concepts.

It was important to explain the meaning of delta to understand that the deep in-the-money call would perform and act just like the stock.
One way to determine if the call you will select is in-the-money enough for your purpose is the delta.
A delta in the mid or high 90's is an ideal candidate.


The selection of the proper in-the-money call to use is a critical element in the success of this strategy.
In order to obtain an accurate delta of all options under consideration for stock replacement use, you can go to any number of web sites or consult your broker.
If all else fails, there is a little trick of the trade that can be used to aid in selecting a call that is deep enough in-the-money to suit the stock replacement criteria.

To do this, check the quote of the corresponding put (i.e. the December 47.5 put if you are looking at the December 47.5 call for stock replacement).
If there is no bid quoted for the put, then the call is deep enough in the money to consider it for a stock surrogate.

There are several reasons for this being an effective strategy, which we wont cover here, but for the purposes of this discussion, it is enough to know that this method does work.

So, with the stock at $58.90, the December 47.5 calls met the criteria for stock replacement.
This call had a mid to high 90's delta and its corresponding put had no bid.
The December 47.5 call was trading at $11.45 or $.05 over parity.

By purchasing this option, you would be equivalently buying the stock at $58.95 (the strike price plus the option price).Let's say that you bought the December 47.5 call for $11.45.
If a total of 10 calls were purchased (an equivalent of 1000 shares), you would lay out a total of $11,450 to fulfill your stock requirement on this buy-write.
If you had purchased the stock outright, you would have spent $58,900.
The difference between the capital needed to purchase the stock outright ($58,900) and the capital needed to buy the in-the-money call ($11,450) is the key to this trade.

Now that you have your stock (via the calls you bought above), it is time to sell covered calls against this position, which would be the December 60 calls for $1.30.
If the stock stays at its present level, you would then capture the $1.30 premium that you sold the December 60 calls for because they finished out-of-the-money at expiration.

The $1,300 profit in this scenario represents an 11.35% return in only two weeks. This well out-performs the return garnished on a $58,900 investment which would only be a 2.21% return in the two weeks, if you purchased the actual stock.

As we know, the maximum profit of $2.35 will be attained if the stock reaches $60.00 or above.
This return comes from the $1.30 you received in the premium for the sale of the now worthless December 60 call plus a $1.05 profit from the December 47.5 call you purchased.
With the stock now at $60.00, the December 47.5 call is worth parity, which is $12.50.You purchased the call for $11.45 thus you received a $1.05 capital gain in the option.
This profit of $2350.00 represents a 20.5% return in two weeks verses a 3.98% return in two weeks, if you had purchased the actual stock.

As you can see, you are getting the same overall dollar return on much less money - which creates a much higher percentage rate of return.
This is one of the positive leverage effects that the proper usage of options can provide.


When you initiate this trade, you are buying and selling two different options simultaneously which is known as a spread.

A spread is a trade which involves the buying of one option against the sale of a different option simultaneously and will be covered briefly in the next section.By buying the December 47.5 calls for $11.45 and then selling the December 60 calls at $1.30, you are buying the December 47.5 December 60 call spread for $10.15. This type of spread is known as a vertical spread.

Article Source:
http://www.articlesbase.com/investing-articles/the-stock-replacement-covered-call-strategy-270123.html

About the Author:
Ron Ianieri is currently Chief Options Strategist at The Options University, an educational company that teaches investors how to make consistent profits using options while limiting risk. For more information please contact The Options University at http://www.optionsuniversity.com/ or 866-561-8227

Thursday, October 8, 2009

Trading Naked Calls & Puts

Author: Ron Lanieri

An option is a derivative trading product that is best used by investors as a hedging tool providing profit protection and profit enhancement. Although it is a powerful risk management tool, it can also be used effectively as a stand-alone trading vehicle.

Under the proper conditions, options do not have to be paired with stock or another option to be an effective trading tool.

To successfully trade naked options, an investor must realize that certain options will fit certain scenarios and certain options will not.

One of the major misconceptions that investors have about options stems from the fact that most do not know how to trade them properly.
When they lose money trading them, they feel that there is something wrong with the option.
They do not understand that options are on a higher, more sophisticated level when compared to stocks.

Stock trading has fewer variables involved and is therefore easier. No one is saying that the individual investor isn't smart enough to trade options. The problem is not intelligence; it's just education and experience. Most investors have not been properly educated in the proper use of options, and even fewer have had any real experience trading them.

One of the biggest problems investors have is this:
Even if you buy a call and the stock goes up, you can still lose money.
Most investors tend to buy out of the money options at a cheap price.
The stock trades up a little, which is the right direction, but the option still loses money and the investor wonders why.

What the investor fails to realize is that in order for the option to be profitable the options delta must out-pace its rate of decay.

Implied volatility also plays a key role if the stock does trade up while implied volatility decreases, the options delta must then outperform the decrease in volatility.
Remember, when volatility increases, the price of all options goes up. When volatility decreases, the price of all options goes down.

We have categorized options in several ways.
One way is by the option's strike price, and its distance from the stock price.
We identified these options as either in-the-money, at-the-money, or out-of-the-money.

In our discussion about trading naked calls and puts, we will identify trading opportunities or situations that fit each of these types of options, for both calls and puts. But it is important to first review the definition of Delta before continuing.

Remember, delta tells you how much the option will move with a similar move in the stock and is given as a percentage.
For example, a 33 delta option means that the option will move 33% of the movement of the stock and 70 delta option will move 70%.

In-the-money options act like stock. The deeper in the money the calls are, the more they act like the stock.
As the call moves deeper and deeper in the money, the calls delta approaches 100 which means it's price movement will reflect 100% of the stock's movement.
(This is discussed in more detail later in “The Stock Replacement Covered Call Strategy”).

In fact, deep-in-the-money options are sometimes even used to replace stock positions.
If you look at the charts below, you can see how closely the in-the-money call mimics the upward movement of the stock (2nd quadrant).

In the money options are best used for smaller stock movements.
The reason is that in-the-money options contain less extrinsic value. The extrinsic value can work against you when purchasing an option because extrinsic value is affected by time decay.

As you wait for your stock movement, the in-the-money option will decay less than either the at-the-money or out-of-the-money options because it has less extrinsic value.
The amount of money you lose in time decay must then be made back by additional stock movement.

Obviously, the less you lose in decay, the less the stock has to move for you to be profitable because it has less decay loss to make up for.

This is because an in-the-money call has a high delta and a much higher percentage chance of finishing in-the-money by expiration so they follow the stock more closely.

With less extrinsic value loss to make up for, a smaller movement in the stock will produce a greater profit.

For a call example, as you can see in the chart below, the in-the-money produces a profit with the least amount of stock movement.
With less extrinsic value, the ITM option has a lower break-even point.

For chart below, stock price = $35.00
Strike Price Option Price Delta Breakeven Extrinsic Value
$30 5.20 85 35.20 $.20
$35 1.00 52 36.00 $1.00
$40 .30 20 40.30 $.30

About author:
Ron Ianieri is a professional options trader, former floor trader, and market maker on the PHLx options exchange. As co-founder of the Options University, Ron teaches hundreds of aspiring options traders from all over the world how to trade options 'the right way'. Click here to learn more: optionsuniversity.com

Article Source:
http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Ron_Lanieri

Wednesday, October 7, 2009

Time Decay

Time decay, also known as theta, is defined as the rate by which an option's value erodes into expiration.
The value of the option over parity to the stock is called extrinsic value.

Since an option is a depreciating asset, meaning it has a limited life, the extrinsic value in the option will wither away daily until expiration.
This "decay" is not a linear function meaning it is not equally distributed between all of the days to expiration.

As the option gets closer to expiration, the daily rate of decay increases and continues to increase daily until expiration of the option.

At expiration, all options in the expiration month, calls and puts, in-the-money and out-of-the-money must be completely devoid of extrinsic value as noted in the time value decay charts below.

As more time goes by, the options extrinsic value decreases.
Again, it is important to note that the rate of this decrease is not linear, meaning not smooth and even throughout the life of the option contract.

An option contract starts feeling the decay curve increasing when the option has about 45 days to expiration.
It increases rapidly again at about 30 days out and really starts losing its value in the last two weeks before expiration.
This is like a boulder rolling down a hill. The further it goes down the hill, the more steam it picks up until the hill ends.

By selling the option and owning the stock, the covered call seller captures the extrinsic value in the option by holding the short call until expiration.

As mentioned earlier, an option's loss of extrinsic value over its life is called time decay.
In the covered call strategy the option's time decay works to the seller's advantage in that the more that time goes by, the more the extrinsic value decreases.

Key Point – The covered call strategy provides the investor with another opportunity to gain income from a long stock position.
The strategy not only produces gains when the stock trades up, but also provides above average gains in a stagnant period, while offsetting losses when the stock declines in price.

We have now seen how a covered call strategy is constructed and how it is supposed to work. Keep in mind that the trade can be entered into in two ways.
You can either sell calls against stock you already own (Covered Call) or you can buy stock and sell calls against them at the same time (Buy Write).

Example 1
You own 1000 shares of Oracle at $9.50.
The stock has been stuck around this level for a long time now and you have grown impatient.
You finally give in and sell the front month (November for example) at-the-money calls.
The at-the-money calls would have a strike price of $10 if the stock was trading at $9.50.

You sell the calls at a $.50 premium per contract which creates a $10.50 breakeven point.
Remember, in a buy-write, the breakeven point is the strike price plus the option premium.
Let's look at what our returns will be in each of the three scenarios.

About author:
Ron Ianieri is a professional options trader, former floor trader, and market maker on the PHLx options exchange. As co-founder of the Options University, Ron teaches hundreds of aspiring options traders from all over the world how to trade options 'the right way'. Click here to learn more: optionsuniversity.com

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Ron_Lanieri